The investigational antiviral agent GS-5734, also known as remdesivir, is being developed by Gilead as a treatment for Ebola virus disease. Find everything you are interested in quickly Case Study On Ebola Virus In India and painlessly! This manual provides concise and up-to-date knowledge on 15 infectious diseases that have the potential to become international threats and tips on how to respond to each of them. The 21st century has already been marked by major epidemics. This is apparent in the positive endorsements by survivors and families who had members taken to the facility. 3. There is in fact a well-organised Ebola cemetery at Nganyahun, with a large central memorial and marked and labelled burial plots, adjacent to the former ETC, but it is behind a high locked gate, and when one of us [PR] visited in 2016 we climbed the fence because no one could find the key. multiple actors involved in the Ebola response. One of our research assistants had been employed in the case-handling facility in 2014, and helped us reach former employees, patients and their families. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. This would rule out even the remote possibility of spread of this disease by the sexual route. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. 1998. First, they talked about their initial fears and general ignorance of the disease. This case study can be tailored for use in the classroom or with practitioners in the fields of public health, emergency and disaster response, international development, post-conflict reconstruction, reli-gious studies, international affairs, and journalism. The arrival of the international community to help with response to EVD, a disease never before seen in Sierra Leone, required abundant local help. We identified participants in focus groups in the following manner. here. First and foremost our heartfelt thanks go to our team of research assistants: Baigeh Johnson, Fomba Kanneh, Musa Konneh, Philip Lahai and Sao Bockarie. Integrating Clinical Research into Epidemic Response: The Ebola Experience assesses the value of the clinical trials held during the 2014â€"2015 epidemic and makes recommendations about how the conduct of trials could be improved in the ... Methodology, [It served as] an agent of fear in the minds of the patients. Vol 2. By the time one of the patients was admitted (December 2014) the ETC had been operating for three months, and phones were now distributed to patients so that families could remain in touch. Our relatives still [have] mixed feelings about us.” The other added that: “The community [do] not believe a word we tell them. West African Ebola Outbreak: A Case Study. A more recent outbreak in the provinces of North Kivu and Ituri in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2018 has potential to become as serious as the West African episode of 2013–15. Gorillas, chimpanzees, and other mammals may be implicated when the first cases of an EVD outbreak in people occur. A steady flow of discharged survivors then changed perceptions that the ETC was a place where people went only to die. A selection of comments include the following: “I felt bad because we never saw where they were buried. Type of paper needed: Read more OK. $25 page-+ ~ 275 words. Writing – review & editing. Department of Anthropology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224511, https://observers.france24.com/en/20190301-drc-congo-ebola-treatment-centres-conspiracy-theories-kivu-butembo, https://www.socialscienceinaction.org/resources/social-science-behavioural-data-compilation-drc-ebola-outbreak-november-2018-february-2019/, http://www.ebola-anthropology.net/case_studies/village-responses-to-ebola-virus-disease-in-rural-eastern-sierra-leone-second-interim-report/, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/ebolas-lost-blood-row-samples-flown-africa-big-pharma-set-cash/. The MSF-managed ETC at Bandajuma (Bo) took a more considerate approach, and organized burial in a special area for Ebola victims attached to the town’s main public cemetery on the Dambala road. 12 February 2015. I did not know that there was a grave until [you told me] today.”. 1 Baseler L., Chertow D, et. The second reason for distrust is that the diagnosis of the disease is not readily understandable from prior local experience of health systems. The writers are reliable, honest, extremely knowledgeable, and the results are always top of the class! No, Is the Subject Area "Ebola virus" applicable to this article? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Even a certain amount of patient visiting seems to have been possible. One woman stated that: “I admire them as I speak because they did everything they could do to salvage the situation. Background: Starting in December 2013, the Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic spread in West Africa through five countries (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Nigeria, and Mali), killing over 11,300 people. Yes In response to a prompt about changing attitudes one discussant stated that: “Yes, [these] changed over time; the right treatment was now given to the patients and people were adhering by the by-laws.” Another added: “We started obeying by-laws since those were ways to prevent the virus [from spreading] and as a result: infections were reduced.” One young female discussant specifically noted that: “People changed their behavior and gave a personal example: my father even kept me in quarantine; I was not allowed to go to the market.”. Remdesivir has demonstrated broad-spectrum antiviral activity against RNA viruses belonging to different families, including Paramyxoviridae (respiratory syncytial virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus), Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and bat coronaviruses), as well as Filoviridae (Ebola virus) in vitro and in preclinical studies [6,, , , ].In particular, in nonhuman primates inoculated with . Plasma from survivors of Ebola virus disease, containing various levels of neutralising antibodies, has been used to treat acute cases of Ebola virus infection during several prior outbreaks.28 However, the 2013-16 outbreak enabled a more comprehensive study to be done, which reported an absence of statistically significant improvement in . There are different species of the Ebola virus. On 30 March 2014, Liberia reported its first cases of Ebola, followed by Sierra Leone on 25 May. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224511.s005. Overview of the Public Health System Nigeria . All persons selected agreed to join the focus group. Statements made by “Taninihun” village group in 2014. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224511.s006, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224511.s007. Easy Navigation. Thus, the outbreak in “Taninihun”almost certainly outlasted the cut-off date of August 2014 mentioned during the 2017 focus group session. Discussants had heard survivors speak, in person or over the radio, about the good care they received. The other recognized that because of the infection risk it was wiser to leave the task of nursing to skilled professionals. e0224511. 4. Its primary A rather different picture emerges from the comments supplied by focus group participants who were survivors, or members of families of survivors and the deceased. Ebola virus disease (EVD), one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of Central Africa. Conceptualization, These models were used to score the MicroSource Spectrum set of 2320 molecules. January 30, 2009 / 3:21 AM / CBS/AP. Yes There is also a need to address the wider cognitive shock caused by a well-funded Ebola health initiative arriving in communities with a long history of inadequate health care. As for our timing, administering this drug before Ebola is caught is important, as well as the best time to administer the vaccine, because it is a prophylactic vaccine, designed to be taken before a disease is contracted. There are five strains that have been identified: Zaire, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Taï Forest and Reston.The first three cause the majority of disease in humans with case fatality rates ranging from 25% to 90% [1-3].Both Taï Forest and Reston Ebola virus cause diseases in non-human primates, but infections in humans are limited . In partnership with Côte d'Ivoire's Ministry of Health, the International Rescue Committee instigated a community-led strategy aimed at promoting behavior change in order to prevent potential . Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Ebola virus is a member of the Filoviridae family. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224511.s004. The 2014 Ebola epidemic was the largest in history, with widespread transmission in multiple West African countries. 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We never set eyes on the corpse nor even visited the burial of our loved ones. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The Ebola virus first became known to medical science in the 1970s after an outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in a mission hospital adjacent to the Ebola river in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo [DRC]). A mixed tool-set of focus group (Table 1) and in-depth key-informant interviews (n = 6) was used (see supporting materials for transcripts). Since its discovery in 1976, the majority of cases and outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease have occurred in Africa. Both survivors report community alienation. The four persons (two men, two women, three farmers and a trader, all middle aged or older) taking part in a focus group for those who had lost loved ones at the ETC provided nuanced assessments. Statements made by randomly selected citizens. 4. The districts from which they came were Kpetema, Fonikol, Buma 4, Kpayama II, Prison Barracks and Kenema Township. In light of the recent large outbreak in West Africa, this book is a part of the developing foundation needed to deal with emerging diseases. This is your chance to show that you understand the key teaching points about a microbe and to communicate these points to in a written format. Pleun Welmers, Roles This paper has presented evidence that the first ETC in Sierra Leone, at Nganyahun, outside Kenema, was met with considerable initial suspicion and hostility. What is one structural component of the Ebola virus to target for a vaccine that prevents infections like Terry's? Title: We Are Not Winning The War On The Ebola Outbreak!Introduction My time in Africa highlighted to me just how little we know about the Ebola outbreak and how far it has spread. 4,8,9 Here, we review the clinical course of two American health care . No, Is the Subject Area "Sierra Leone" applicable to this article? Conceptualization, QUICK TAKE Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics 01:49. The focus groups were run by a team of locally-based research assistants earlier trained by one of the authors (EYM) for work on Ebola in 2014–15. The question expresses disquiet that poverty-stricken Africa is left to cope with the other killer diseases largely unaided, while the world spares no expense to tackle Ebola. Impossible to ignore, The Hot Zone is the terrifying, true-life account of when this highly infectious virus spread from the rainforests of Africa to the suburbs of Washington, D.C in 1989. All participants in interviews provided informed consent, and all responses have been rendered anonymous, including from a follow-up focus group held in a badly-affected village supplying patients to the case-handling facility, here given the fictional name of “Taninihun”, and for which baseline questionnaire data and focus group materials were previously collected in December 2014, at the height of the epidemic (anonymised transcripts of these earlier focus—group and individual interviews are included in the supporting materials as a baseline for further focus-group reflections in 2017 by members of this village community). Ebola disease •Ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Thus we had to locate a small group of Kenema-based survivors with experience of time spent in the ETC, and two of these agreed to discuss their experiences in depth. Dos Attack Case Study. Between 1976 and 2014, these three viruses had caused over 20 known outbreaks owing to human-to-human transmission, with a total of 2400 cases and 1600 deaths. Families finally realized that patients had better survival chances in the ETC than those attending a regular hospital or kept at home. Much local reasoning supporting these negative attitudes is shared across widely separated epidemic locations in Africa. Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. •The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Data curation, Can I check how you write my essays? One of the most recent Ebola outbreaks occurred in West Africa in March 2014, and it was the largest outbreak in history. The 2017 focus group implies that cases from “Taninihun” all went to the Kenema government hospital, but the 2014 source makes it clear this applied only to the two earliest cases, and that many (if not all) later cases from the village were handled by the ETC. I have mixed feelings.”, The pain of loss was made worse by uncomprehending friends and neighbors. The exception was an urban episode in Gulu in northern Uganda in 2000. Contributed equally to this work with: The data indicate that scepticism and resistance were widespread at the outset, but that misconceptions were replaced, in the minds of those directly affected by the disease, by more positive later assessments. Ebola virus disease (EVD), one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of Central Africa. In this book ethnographic, historical and epidemiologic data are brought to bear on the subject of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti. The authors classified statements by topic and used this as evidence for the points made in the paper. Survivors meeting neurologic criteria were invited from a cohort of 361 EVD survivors to attend a preliminary clinic. Copyright: © 2019 Richards et al. We were not really expecting such, but [the] community still do not believe the existence of Ebola. Al. Community liaison workers did not enter the ETC as part of their work, but at times came close to the fence, even at times apparently supplying food for patients to workers on the inside: “We rendered service to the patients, like getting close to the perimeter fence and giving them food.” Presumably this was home cooking from families passed to workers inside the ETC. The first outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) in a village near the Ebola River, which gave the virus its name. Formal analysis, The most recent Ebola epidemic that began in late 2013 alerted the entire world to the gaps in infectious disease emergency preparedness and response. It would be wrong to dismiss these stories as evidence of populist ignorance spread around by too easy access to cell phones and social media. It was the largest Ebola epidemic in the history and the first to affect multiple countries simultaneously. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation The 2013-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus disease, centered in Western Africa, was the most widespread outbreak of the disease in history and caused major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.The first cases were recorded in Guinea in December 2013; later, the disease spread to neighbouring Liberia and Sierra Leone, with minor . In order to explore how the work in the ETC was seen from the general public surrounding the ETC, we interviewed a small group of residents of a mixed residential quarter in the nearby town Kenema, who were purposively selected on the basis of having lived in Kenema during the Ebola crisis but without having been directly affected by infection on a personal or family level. Only later was it apparent that the result must have been positive for Ebola when soldiers arrived in the village to quarantine it. 4 Baseler L., Chertow D, et. I felt tears in my heart.”, Over-zealous ambulance teams apparently added to the emotional distress by excessive use of chlorine spray: “When the ambulance arrived, they sprayed chlorine outside the house and inside the ambulance and took my husband away. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. In this article we present work on community responses to EVD from the 2014–16 outbreak in Sierra Leone. However, scientists later discovered that the two outbreaks were caused by two genetically distinct viruses: Zaire ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus. Phlebotomy is a well-known procedure to hospital patients in many parts of the world, but not in rural Africa, where reliable laboratories are few and far between. Found inside – Page 61Case Study: The Ebola Crisis Ebola virus disease (EVD) erupted in West Africa in December 2013 and by April 2015, it had killed 10,689, infecting over 25,791 [19]. News outlets, such as Reuters, state that the deaths were over 11,000 ... Perhaps foreigners are afraid this disease will affect them? multiple actors involved in the Ebola response. Experience of good care revised assessments of the ETC. I was marginalized by society.” Another complained that: “People saw me as a bad person in the town because two persons [in] my family died of Ebola—my wife and my son-in-law. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Project administration, For instance, in February 2019 two case-handling centres run by the agency Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF) were attacked by armed militia [2]. VOLUME 380 March 7, 2019 NUMBER 10 A Longitudinal Study of Ebola This temporal dynamic can be seen with regards to the fact that bodily contact spreads EVD, that quarantine and isolation are unavoidable, and that ETCs provide good quality care and can improve outcomes for patients. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. They sympathized [with] us and [made] discharge[d] [patients] very welcome. We thank Frederic Le Marcis for insightful comments as well as the two reviewers and editors of PLOS ONE for their constructive and helpful feedback. Our Support Crew can always provide you with Case Study On Ebola Virus any info you inquire and require! 2017. Direct contact with the bodies of those who died from EVD proved to be one of the most dangerous – and effective – methods of transmission. Importantly, it is essential that health care systems cater for all diseases and not only for epidemic emergencies of highly-infectious diseases, as a long-term priority for national and international interventions [4, 6]. Pathol. Or could the virus itself have some hidden utility (facts about Cold War germ warfare, and molecular patents, are not unknown in African villages). The Usefulness of Professional Essay Writers to Students. 8 Baseler L., Chertow D, et. All adult subjects and signed or thumb-printed a letter read out to them telling them what the interview was about and what they should do if they felt uncomfortable. •The average Ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Outline Background - Ebola virus outbreak 2014-2016 - Ervebo® brief timeline Development and Tech Transfer-Analytical comparability-Approaches . However, such airborne transmission is not proven to be a significant factor in human outbreaks of Ebola.4 The discovery of the Reston virus in these monkeys from the Philippines revealed that Ebola was no longer confined to African settings, but was present in Asia as well. This undermines the community cooperation needed for infection control and suggests that more needs to be done to situate Ebola in a broader agenda for health in marginalized, conflict-prone regions [4]. . Vol 2. The disease caused by any of these ebola viruses is called Ebola disease. A Case of Ebola Virus Page 1 of 3 September 2012 A Case of Ebola Virus [Announcer] This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nganyahun ETC took a large proportion of its patients from outside the district, because by the time it was built the Kenema outbreak was ending. No, Is the Subject Area "Human families" applicable to this article? This places news from early 2019 that case-handling facilities in North Kivu have come under attack by armed militia in a significantly altered context. The ETC also rapidly isolated EVD cases, and this reduced fear of visiting Kenema hospital, widely shunned as a result of a nosocomial outbreak in June-July 2014. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Writing – original draft, Responses to emerging infectious disease outbreaks frequently occur in resource-constrained regions and under high pressure to quickly contain the outbreak prior to potential spread. No 6. No, Is the Subject Area "Ambulances" applicable to this article? Yes What are Case Study On Ebola Virus the guarantees you can write my essay on time? Ebola is a negative RNA virus. here. This began with the ambulance, which took no passengers: “When my wife was taken away, I felt discouraged. Please make sure you have gone through part 1 before starting part 2. Our research question was focused on how trust or distrust emerged in outbreak control and Ebola treatment, and which factors are building or undermining trust in medicine in Sierra Leone. My [wife] said to me, please take care of my children.” In some cases, this was due to quarantine: “I was seriously disturbed when the ambulance took my husband and daughter to the ETC. Authored by two professionals in the medical and science fields, Ebola: An Emerging Infectious Disease Case Study analyzes the recent outbreak of the virus from a variety of angles and provides context for our understanding of emerging ... This makes it easy for a disease like Ebola to spread across countries. Ebola. While the outbreak was declared over by the World Health Organization (WHO) on May 9, 2015, subsequent clusters of disease occurred in June 2015, November 2015, and April 2016. WHO again declared Liberia Ebola-free in June 2016, but there remained a fear that new cases could emerge. The case-study ETC commenced activity in September 2014 and admitted its last case in March 2015. The specific investigation of trust in the context of an Ebola case-handling facility (ETC) was intended to be an exemplary case-study, based on statements made in ten focus groups. In keeping with the established commitment to excellence Implementing a National Cancer Clinical Trials System for the 21st Century outlines how to improve the current system by incorporating innovative science and trial design into cancer ... CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. I feared to use those drugs [at that time]. SB Kennedy, HC Lane et al. 1478 Words6 Pages. This book tries to update significant epidemiological and clinical research in many aspects with a multinational perspective. Dis. 343-351. Since we predict the virus won't be constantly changing, a one-time delivery to the patients would be the best option. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. To receive a monthly update highlighting our recent work to prevent infectious disease, enter your email address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Much information was passed through informal channels by workers at the ETC. Survivors from the Kenema ETC told us that they were only told their diagnostic result (presumably Ebola negative) on being discharged. Each case study is retold by the investigator who recalls the critical issues considered along the way. At the conclusion of each chapter, the investigator reviews the methods and processes that were employed to execute the investigation. [Mike Miller] Hi, I'm Dr. Mike Miller and today I'm speaking with Dr. Adam MacNeil, an epidemiologist at CDC. Yes An EVD outbreak on the margins of the tropical forest belt in West Africa in the Republic of Guinea, beginning in December 2013, rapidly turned into an epidemic, affecting three countries in particular–Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone [1]. Noting that everything was focused on Ebola response one Sierra Leonean farmer asked us: what happened to all the other diseases, have they gone away? It is thus crucial that patients and relatives leave the ETC with the experience they were well cared for. In all, fifty persons agreed to take part in our study, of which 28 were former employees of the case-handling facility, 10 were patients or members of families and affected communities, and six were members of the general public (Table 1). UWriteMyEssay.net's services, on the other hand, is a perfect match Case Study On Ebola Virus for all my written needs. Following the discovery of the virus, scientists studied thousands of animals, insects, and plants in search of its source (called reservoir among virologists, people who study viruses). Saving Lives, Protecting People, The discovery of Bombali virus adds further support for bats as hosts of ebolaviruses, http://www.who.int/hrh/documents/21may2015_web_final.pdf, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), Ebola Virus Disease Distribution Map: Cases of Ebola Virus Disease in Africa Since 1976, October 2021 Democratic Republic of the Congo, North Kivu Province, February 2021 Democratic Republic of the Congo, North Kivu Province, 2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equateur Province, 2018 Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola Outbreak Map, Ebola Communication and Awareness Resources, 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bikoro, 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bas Uélé District, 2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak Distribution in West Africa, 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa Epidemic Curves, 2014 Ebola Outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Long flights, long days mark vaccine campaign, How community feedback shapes the Ebola response, Ebola outbreak becomes a class act for EIS officers, Congo-born CDC photographer rooting for Ebola responders, Contraindications and precautions for ERVEBO, Management of Survivors of Ebola Virus Disease, Considerations for Discharging PUIs for Ebola, Survivability of Ebola Virus in Medical Waste, Emergency Department Preparedness Training, Guidance for Confirmed Ebola Patients or Clinically Unstable PUIs, Preventing Injury from Injections and Sharps in Non-U.S. General Healthcare Settings, Hand Hygiene in Non-U.S. General Healthcare Settings, Rationale and Considerations for Chlorine Use in Infection Control for Non- U.S. General Healthcare Settings, Specimen Collection, Transport, and Submission, Managing and Testing Routine Clinical Specimens, Preparing Frontline Healthcare Facilities, Guidance for the U.S. Residence Decontamination for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) and Removal of Contaminated Waste.
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