*For doses <0.5mg, use oral solution. Patient is: a. 2007 guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings. Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV Infection. For complex cases, consider consulting persons who have experience in infectious diseases or infection control.8–12,14,15,17,18,21,24,26,27,30,35 After percutaneous injury with a used needle or other sharp instrument, soap and water should be used to clean the wound. The treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) should include a pretreatment baseline evaluation, consideration of drug interactions, evaluation of treatment response after therapy, and, in some populations, monitoring for safety during treatment. Weber DJ, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Tetanus-prone injuries include splinters and other puncture wounds, gunshot wounds, compound fractures, burns, and unsterile intramuscular or subcutaneous injections, Adults 65 years and older should receive Td, not Tdap. Chronic hepatitis B describes a spectrum of disease usually characterised by the presence of detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the blood or serum for longer than 6 months. 34. Boyce JM, Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. However, we would like to raise a few concerns to caution readers on the study limitations regarding their data aggregation and analysis. Mayer KH, "Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Patients Receiving Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation" Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. Iademarco MF, Grady GF. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis. Treatment naïve; OR b. Persons who are unvaccinated or who received the full vaccination series who are exposed to Bacillus anthracis spores from bioterrorism or occupational exposure*, Anthrax vaccine (0.5 mL subcutaneously) at zero, two, and four weeks, Antibiotic therapy for 60 days: ciprofloxacin (Cipro; 500 mg orally) twice daily or doxycycline (100 mg orally) twice daily or, for pregnant women or children, amoxicillin (500 mg orally) three times daily, Close contacts regardless of immunization status†, Either Td or Tdap if no documentation of receipt of three-dose primary immunization series, or if last dose of vaccine was given more than five years ago, One dose of IM penicillin G benzathine (600,000 units if patient is younger than six years; 1,200,000 units if patient is older than six years), or erythromycin (500 mg orally) four times daily for seven to 10 days, From one day before onset of prodrome until four days after rash resolves, Pregnant women or immunocompromised persons: a single dose of immune globulin (0.25 mL per kg), Others: measles vaccine within three days of exposure, Persons with pneumonic plague treated for < 48 hours‡, All close contacts (face-to-face within two months), Doxycycline (100 mg orally) twice daily for seven days, Children or pregnant women: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (160/800 mg orally) twice daily for seven days. Ippolito G, MMWR Recomm Rep. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Immunization of health-care workers: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Chaves SS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis B Usual Dosing Chart. Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. 2007;35(10 suppl 2):S65–S164. 2007;56(RR-4):1–40. In addition, an outstanding chapter on the skin involvement during viral hepatitis and the tools to manage them during triple therapy is included in the book. Accidental hepatitis-B-surface-antigen-positive inoculations. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. ; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 27. Hepatitis B Virus. Use of e antigen to estimate infectivity. Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver that can result from a variety of causes such as heavy alcohol use, autoimmune, drugs, or toxins. 1989;38(suppl 9):1–18. Butler T. Plague into the 21st century. Serologically confirmed case within incubation period until one week after onset of jaundice, A single dose of hepatitis A vaccine within two weeks of exposure, Unvaccinated, immunocompromised, chronic liver disease, younger than 12 months, or severe allergy to vaccine, A single dose of immune globulin (0.02 mL per kg IM) within two weeks of exposure, From one to two days before onset of rash until after all lesions have crusted, Nonimmune (i.e., no history of varicella and negative serology) who has not received two doses of vaccine, Healthy persons: varicella vaccine within five days of exposure, Pregnant women, neonates, or immunocompromised persons: varicella zoster immune globulin (125 units per 10 kg IM) as soon as possible (up to 10 days postexposure), or immune globulin (400 mg per kg IV) if varicella zoster immune globulin is unavailable, From one day before onset of symptoms until one day after defervescence (may be longer for immunocompromised patients), Bites or scratches from a suspected rabid animal; contamination of a mucous membrane or open wound with saliva or central nervous system tissue from a suspected rabid animal‡, Rabies vaccine should be given as early as possible on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 postexposure, in addition to human rabies immune globulin (20 units per kg in a single dose) on day 0. Prevention of invasive group A streptococcal disease among household contacts of case patients and among postpartum and postsurgical patients: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[published correction appears in Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(2):243]. Individuals affected may develop a chronic condition or become a carrier. Entecavir or tenofovir rather than lamivudine are more appropriate for the emergence of lamivudine resistance. Antiviral prophylaxis should be initiated in all HBsAg-positive patients. Grasso C. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Edwards KM, Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations. Patients unprotected against infections with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) should undergo vaccination prior to immunosuppressive treatment if possible. 16. AIDS. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B (e.g., liver decompensation and liver failure) have been reported in HBV-infected individuals who have discontinued Truvada. 2005;54(RR-15):1–47. To see the full article, log in or purchase access. Hepatitis B virus is a partly double-stranded DNA virus with several serological markers: HBsAg and anti-HBs, HBeAg and anti-HBe, and anti-HBc IgM and IgG. Effective treatment can shorten the duration of microbial shedding and subsequently reduce transmission of certain infections such as tuberculosis, meningococcal infection, invasive group A streptococcal infection, and plague.12,24,30, A single dose of hepatitis B immune globulin, 0.06 mL per kg IM within 24 hours of exposure, followed by hepatitis B vaccine series, Previously vaccinated with documented inadequate response*, A single dose of hepatitis B immune globulin, 0.06 mL per kg IM within 24 hours of exposure, followed by hepatitis B vaccine booster, Hepatitis B immune globulin, 0.06 mL per kg IM twice within 24 hours of exposure, for individuals who did not respond to two vaccine series, Previously vaccinated with adequate response†, Anti–hepatitis C virus positive with detectable hepatitis C virus RNA, Positive HIV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, confirmed by Western blot, Low-risk exposure: superficial injury, solid needle, and most mucocutaneous exposures with low-risk source (asymptomatic HIV infection or known undetectable HIV viral load). Maintain pediatric dose through duration of therapy in those who turn 18yrs. Buti M, Gane E, Seto WK, et al. The most common hepatitis viruses are types A, B, and C. Reference to the hepatitis viruses often occurs in an abbreviated form (for example, HAV, HBV, HCV represent hepatitis viruses A, B, and C, respectively.) MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Confirmed diagnosis of HIV-1; AND 2. Edwards KM, Manning SE, Patient is: a. 5. A single dose of hepatitis B immune globulin, 0.06 mL per kg IM within 24 hours of exposure, followed by hepatitis B vaccine series Previously vaccinated with ⦠MMWR Recomm Rep. †—High-risk groups include persons with chronic medical conditions such as cardiopulmonary, renal, and hepatic diseases; immunocompromised patients; adults 65 years and older; children younger than two years; pregnant or postpartum women (< two weeks after delivery); persons younger than 19 years who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy; Native Americans and Alaska Natives; persons who are morbidly obese (body mass index ≥ 40 kg per m2 for adults or > 2.33 standard deviations above the mean for children); and persons residing at nursing homes and other chronic care facilities. Liu T, In acute infection, some may develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine, and abdominal pain. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, go to, Within 72 hours of exposure for four weeks, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; IM = intramuscularly, Serum levels of hepatitis B surface antigen antibodies < 10 mIU per mL, Serum levels of hepatitis B surface antigen antibodies, Infections are listed in order from most to least common, High-risk groups include persons with chronic medical conditions such as cardiopulmonary, renal, and hepatic diseases; immunocompromised patients; adults 65 years and older; children younger than two years; pregnant or postpartum women (< two weeks after delivery); persons younger than 19 years who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy; Native Americans and Alaska Natives; persons who are morbidly obese (body mass index ≥ 40 kg per m, High-risk wild animals include bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, coyotes, bobcats, woodchucks, dogs, cats, and ferrets, If rabies immune globulin is not administered when active vaccination is begun, it can be administered through day 7 of the postexposure prophylaxis series, The level of neutralizing rabies antibodies pre- and postexposure should not be routinely measured except in immunocompromised persons, in persons at continuous high risk, and in persons who have received non–cell-based rabies vaccine, IM = intramuscularly; Td = tetanus and diphtheria toxoids; Tdap = tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine; TT = tetanus toxoid, A household contact is defined as a person who spent at least 24 hours in the same household as the source patient during the seven days before the onset of the case patient's symptoms. 1997;46(RR-18):1–42. Briggs D,
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